New Jersey Legislature

The New Jersey Legislature is the branch of government seated in New Jersey State House at the capital in Trenton.   The legislature is bicameral, meaning that it consists of two houses.   These houses are called the General Assembly and the New Jersey Senate. The New Jersey State Legislature and Governor has been running under a cloud of suspicion, corruption, graft and a Treasury that had spent the first half of this decade in debt. These problems seemed to have alleviated a little since New Jersey’s new governor, Jon Corzine, took office in January of 2006. He has not been the complete reason for the turnaround but his common knowledge ideas concerning fiscal responsibility and personal sacrifice has led by example and the idea that ineffective government and the New Jersey State Legislature linked, is starting to fade. The study of my state legislature reveals some important questions that need to be addressed and answered: First, should the size of the legislature be increased or decreased? Second, Should the legislatures’ pay be raised and should the job be on a full time or part time basis? And lastly, should there be term limits and does the legislature meet too often or too little? These questions raise many opinions as the citizens of New Jersey are ready for their government to again work for them and their needs. The General Assembly is the lowest house of the legislature.   It contains eighty members and its requirements to be among its body: one must be at least twenty one years of age, have resides in the state for at least two years and must live in the district that it the member represents.   The state of New Jersey is made up of forty districts. The members of the New Jersey Legislature are chosen by forty electoral districts, each district electing one member to the Senate and two members of the Assembly. Districts are redefined after each census.   New Jersey’s current district map is based upon the 2000 census. Even though New Jersey is a small state, it ranks 10th in population in the country and is one of the most highly population density in the country.   The high concentration of districts is a good idea and is advantageous towards the attempt in a democracy, that all of its citizens’ voices may be heard. The â€Å"upper house† which is what the Senate is referred to, is made up of forty members and the qualifications for its members is that each must be thirty years of age, must live in the state for at least four years as well as reside in the district that he/she is wanting to represent. Elections for the state of New Jersey are unique in the fact that they are held on odd-numbered years whereas the majority of the states in the Union hold their elections on even numbered years. â€Å"New Jersey is also unique in the fact that Senators serve four year terms except during the first two years of the decade. This â€Å"2-4-4† cycle was put into place so that the senate can reflect the changes that the census has displayed if there was a significant change in the population density of one district over another.† ( Wikipedia)   The General Assembly is headed by the speaker, whereas the Senate is headed by the President. Each house is led by a majority and minority leaders, assistant leaders as well as what is referred to as whips. â€Å"The Legislature is empowered to make new law, subject to the Governor of New Jersey’s power to veto a bill.   However, the veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a two-thirds majority in favor of overriding in each house.† (Wikipedia) This is typical in most of the state’s constitutions as well as in the Federal Constitution.   The Governor can veto a bill but if the legislature comes back with a 2/3 majority vote, then the Governor’s veto is made null and void. This is an essential aspect of a democracy: That the final word in a decision, is left up not to a single individual, but to the people as a whole. The Governor’s decisions can be overridden only by the majority will of the people. This aspect of New Jersey’s Constitution should never be changes and if so, it would serve as an impediment to the democratic system here in New Jersey that we all enjoy and respect. However, one instance where this democratic ideal was not followed was in the 2006 shutdown of the New Jersey Legislature.   Even though the shutdown was finally decided upon by Governor Corzine, it speaks to a larger ineptitude regarding the state legislature and its ability to continue working for its citizens. It was the first shutdown in the history of the state and it occurred when the Legislature and the Governor failed to agree on a state budget by the deadline set forth in the state Constitution. It began on July 1, 2006 and lasted until the 8th of July. All government services were not revived until July 10th. The background into this most recent failing by the state legislature helps to realize that the job of a member in the state legislature should be full time, there should definitely be term limits and the pay should remain constant as long as thousands of government workers were told that they were non essential and told to stay home for a week without pay. The shutdown was over different opinions concerning the state’s budget and the unchecked spending by Corzine’s predecessor despite the large debt that the state was suffering through. As a way to set an example, Governor Corzine, bypassed the $175,000 annual budget and took only a ceremonial $1 salary. The rest of the members should take note of this and should follow the Governor’s example. The New Jersey Constitution states under Article VIII that a state’s expenses for the year be provided for â€Å"in a single budget act.† (Star Ledger) The constitution also specifics a provision stating preventive measures against going into debt.   A start to New Jersey’s troubles was ignoring this sound advice. Governor Corzine, in an attempt to pass his budget, came into conflict with fellow Democrats within the General Assembly. The main point of contention was the Assembly’s refusal to increase the state tax from 6% to 7% in order to fill the budget gap. Corzine stated that there was no other way in coming up with the money as the state’s constitution forbade other forms of revenue raising. Months before the shutdown, Corzine states that he would not accept a budget that did not include a tax increase and he stood firm in this conviction and the General Assembly did the same which eventually resulted in the shutdown. When the budget failed to pass, the shutdown occurred. This resulted in 45,000 workers being told that they were non essential and would have to stay home for an indefinite period of time. Some of these institutions included the casinos, the Motor Vehicle Commission and inspection stations as well as the New Jersey Department of Education to name a few. Other shutdowns would include, state beaches, public parks, historic sites and horse racing. New Jersey did have enough sense however to keep prison, state police offices, hospitals and child welfare programs running. A sense of urgency prevailed across our state and an emergency July 4th session of the State Legislature was called.† (state.nj.us) â€Å"On July 6, 2006, Democratic factions within the General Assembly reached a   Ã‚  Ã‚  compromise budget. That tentative budget proposed an increase in the state sales tax from 6% to 7%, which is estimated to generate an additional $1.1 billion in revenue. The plan also included a requirement to use half of that for direct relief toward New Jersey's property tax — highest of all states. The plan also called for the same dedicated purpose for all of the money raised by this sales tax increase in subsequent years. The new budget law includes a provision for a constitutional amendment which must, like all such amendments in the state, be approved in an Election Day referendum, to be held on November 7, 2006.† New Jersey voters approved this measure by a 2-1 margin statewide. ( wikipedia) On July 8Th, both houses of the legislature passed the proposed budget. At 6 a.m. that day, Corzine signed executive order ? 19] to restore government services. The fact that 1% of the sales tax was so bitterly fought over was in the forefront of the minds of the members of the legislature. Most of them were up for reelection much sooner than the governor.   Many of New Jersey citizens blamed the state legislature more than the governor and 71% of people polled said that they would not vote for their district representatives if they had voted for the sales tax rate hike. â€Å"New Jersey voters clearly blame the state legislature for the budget crisis, and say the property-tax relief that the legislature insisted on in the compromise is more politics than real reform. Of those polled, 23% indicated that they will not vote for those representatives who voted for the sales-tax hike in the future. The state legislature's next election will be in November 2007, but Corzine does not face another election until 2009.† (Star Ledger) From the above mentioned description about the most recent shutdown of New Jersey’s state legislature, it is plain to see that the elected officials from my state are not doing what are the supposed to be doing.   I think that the blame needs to be shared.   The governor did gain points with me by bypassing the salary of the governor in order to help alleviate the financial problems of the state. I realize that he is already a millionaire but there are many governors and even members of the House and Senate of this country who have millions of dollars, yet such ideas of fiscal responsibility and self sacrifice to the smallest degree is not even considered. The governor did fight to raise the sales tax against the state legislature, who many of them fought against this occurring.   But it was not the governor who created the mess in the first place but rather inherited it after his predecessor James McGreevy was forced to step down. I had always thought that the members of my state legislature were already out of touch with its constituents.   One already has to me a person of financial means if they wish to even be able to afford to run. Many members of the state legislature are not there for the salary.   They have alternate sources of income in different types of investments. Also, the campaign promises of the majority of the members of the State Legislature are saturated with promises of wanting to make a genuine difference in their home state.   Let us put those promises to the test and put a cap on their current salaries. This is especially necessary when the state’s treasury is in as much trouble as it is and hard working people have to be told that they are non essential and lose out on a week’s worth of pay because its state legislatures do not know how to balance a budget until it is too late.   Personal and state revenue was lost on many different levels due to the shutdown. And to say that because this was the first shutdown in our state’s history, it somehow is going to be the last is naive. It is naive as long as our state legislatures feel that ignoring a problem is the same as fixing it. As long as each state legislature does not treat this job as one of their top priorities in their life and that this is most certainly a full time job that demands their time, attention and respect for the members that he/she represents. A member of the state legislature should recognize these things and if he/she does not, then it is up to an informed public to exercise their precious right to vote and to make a change with that vote.   As far as term limits are concerned, I would like each member of the state legislature realize that his job is not safe and is depended upon a stellar work record. However, do term limits limit the free speech of the representative’s constituents? If a public figure is doing a job well done, then they should be rewarded with another two or four year term.   This is definitely the case in The United States Congress. For that diamond in the ruff that has all of the above mentioned qualities and is in the State Legislature, I would not be against term limits except for the number of terms for a governor. That number should be set at three since a prolonged appointment to the highly responsible job of governor can only breed apathy. And a state legislature that does not seem to be in touch with their job responsibilities, can breed a much more dangerous apathy; that of its citizens! WORKS CITED http://www.statelocalgov.net/state-nj.htm www.wikipedia.com www.njleg.state.nj.us/ CNN’s Larry King Live www.state.nj.us            

Flow Measurement – Fluid Mechanics

Name: ******** Class: DME2 Title: Flow Measurement Date: 11/02/2013 Lecturer: Mr Higgins Summary: In this experiment many different meters were used to measure fluid flow rate; the orifice plate, the venture meter, the rota meter and the weigh tank. Each meter works by its ability to alter a certain physical property of the flowing fluid and then allows this alteration to be measured. The measured alterations are linked directly to the flow rate and these measurements are subbed in to adjusted equations to solve for it. Each methods outcome is then analysed, compared against each other. . Objectives: * To introduce the student to three typical methods of measuring he flow rate of an incompressible fluid namely; 1- Venturi metre 2- Orifice plate 3- Rotor metre * To compare the accuracy of each device. * To give insight into appropriate industrial application for each device. 2. Theory: Water enters and first flows through the Venturi metre, then through the Orifice plate and then thro ugh the Rotor meter. On leaving the Rotor meter the water flows via a control valve to the weigh-tank of the hydraulic bench.At the inlet and the outlet of each flow measuring device is a connection to the manometer board, this allows the head loss to be determined across each device. For an incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe the following equations apply: Continuity, Q=V1A1=V2A2(1) Bernoulli’s P1? g+V122g+z1=P2? g+V222g+z2(2) Venturi Rewriting Bernoulli’s equation for the experimental apparatus PA? g+VA22g+zA=PB? g+VB22g+zB Since apparatus is horizontal ZA=ZB therefore, PA? g+VA22g=PB? g+VB22g Rearranging VB22g+VA22g=PA? g+PB? gSince P/? g is the hydrostatic (pressure) head, h at any given point we can rewrite the above equation as, VB22g+VA22g=hA-hB(3) Where hAand hB are read directly from the apparatus. To solve for velocities, we rearrange equation (1), VA=VBABAA Filling into equation (3), VB22g+VBABAA22g=hA-hB(4) Hence the only unknown asVB. Therefore, to find the flow rate, determine VB from equation (4) and then Q is given by. Q=VBAB (5) Orifice Q is calculated using the same procedure as the Venturi meter using ports E and F as opposed to A and B.However, because the orifice plate is less ideal, it causes turbulence in the flow it requires a correction factor known as the coefficient of discharge, K. For this apparatus K=0. 601 therefore, the calculated Q must be multiplied by K, Qactual=Qtheoretical? K Rotor meter The flow rate is read directly off the rotor meter calibration curve as seen in the graph h below. 3. Apparatus: * The bulk of the apparatus used in this experiment is as shown below on a labelled diagram. * The flow of water was manually varied by a screw type tap. The weight balance is not shown but is acted on a counter balancing weight system. In this experiment a 4kg weight was dropped and the time was started. The length of time was determined by how long it would take for the water to raise the weight. This (wit h a 1:3 weight is to water ratio) allowed the mass flow rate to be calculated. Rotameter Rotameter Manometers Manometers 4. Orifice Orifice Venturi Venturi Procedure: 1. Set flow rate to maximum. 2. Record the monometer readings A, B, E and F. 3. Measure the discharge using the weigh-tank. 4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 for 6 other flow rates. 5.Draw a graph of volumetric flow rate measured by the weigh-tank versus volumetric flow rate measured by the other three devices (all on one graph). 6. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each device from an installation view. 5. Experimental Results: | Amm| Bmm| Emm| Fmm| Rota-meter| Flow rate (weigh – tank) @4kg (s)| 1| 378| 131| 349| 86| 21. 4| 25| 2| 345| 162| 326| 130| 18. 4| 31. 8| 3| 320| 188| 304| 165| 15. 2| 37| 4| 298| 202| 288| 191| 12. 3| 47. 5| 5| 282| 222| 274| 211| 9. 3| 59. 4| 6| 266| 236| 262| 232| 5. 4| 91. 5| Position| A| B| E| F| Diameter (m)| 0. 026| 0. 016| 0. 051| 0. 020| 6.Sample Calculations: Venturi: As Q =VA, the volume (V) and the area (A) must be calculated first. Volume is found from the equation (4) as shown in theory being rearranged; VB22g+VBABAA22g=hA-hB VB2-VB2AB2AA2=hA-hB2g VB21-AB2AA2=hA-hB2g VB2=hA-hB2g1-AB2AA2 VB2=hA-hB2g1-AB2AA2 VB=hA-hB2g1-AB2AA2 From this equation, V can now be calculated using the results from the experiment. Calculation carried out for first instance: AA=? 0. 02624AB=? 0. 01624 AA=5. 3093? 10-4m2AB=2. 0106? 10-4m2 h = the height read from the manometer in the experiment. VB=0. 378-0. 131(29. 8)1-(2. 0106? 10-4)2(5. 3093? 10-42)2 VB=4. 4120. 85659 VB=5. 6517 VB=2. 3773m/s Now that the velocity at point B and the area of point B is calculated, Q can now be worked out; QB=VBAB QB=2. 3773? (2. 0106? 10-4) Volumetric Flow RateB=4. 7799? 10-4m3/s To convert into kg/s; QB=(4. 7799? 10-4)? 1000 Mass Flow rate B=0. 4779kg/s Orifice: To calculate the mass flow rate using the orifice method, calculations very similar to the venture method are used. The positio ns are now different so therefore the diameters are changed in finding Q. AA/VA and AB/VB are now obviously changed to AE/VE and AF/VF but otherwise the exact same method is used to find VF.However, the overall mass flow rate has to be corrected by a factor of K=0. 0601 due to a less efficient apparatus being tested. AE=? 0. 05124AF=? 0. 02024 AE=2. 0428? 10-3m2AF=3. 1416? 10-4m2 VF=hE-hF2g1-AF2AE2 VF=0. 349-0. 08629. 811-3. 1416? 10-42. 0428? 10-32 VF=5. 16. 97635 VF=5. 2851 VF=2. 298m3/s Q=VFAF Q=2. 2983. 1416? 10-4 Q=7. 223? 10-4 Now multiplied by correction factor and converted to kg/s; Q=7. 223? 10-4)(0. 601)(1000) Q=0. 43406 kg/s Rota-meter The mass flow of water is worked out in this method by feeding the results read from the rotor meter into the graph as shown below; Weigh TankThe ratio of weight of the load to the weight of the water in this lab is 1:3. A weight was applied to the time the discharge was 4kg. Therefore the time taken for this discharge can allow us to calcu late the mass flow rate as Mass flow Rate = KG/S. So for the first test; Q=4325 Q=0. 48kg/s 7. Calculated results: | Venturi (kg/s)| Orifice (kg/s)| Rota meter(kg/s)| Weigh tank(kg/s)| 1| 0. 4779| 0. 4341| 0. 463| 0. 48| 2| 0. 4116| 0. 3747| 0. 404| 0. 3773| 3| 0. 3496| 0. 3156| 0. 341| 0. 3243| 4| 0. 2981| 0. 2636| 0. 284| 0. 2526| 5| 0. 2357| 0. 2124| 0. 224| 0. 202| 6| 0. 1667| 0. 1466| 0. 152| 0. 1312| 8. Discussions:The measurement of fluid flow can prove very important in day to day applications. For example the measurements of blood-flow rates in human artery or the measurement of liquid oxygen in a rocket are hugely important in their field of work. Although the methods used in this lab may not all work in these cases, the selection of the proper instruments for a particular application is hugely important. Flow-rate-measurement devices frequently require accurate pressure and temperature measurements in order to calculate the output of the instrument so choosing the correct method of measurement is hugely important.Each of the flow measurement devices used had its own advantages and disadvantages. Comparing the venturi meter the orifice plate there are some noticeable differences. Although both are suitable for clean or dirty fluids the orifice plate has a relatively low cost compared to the venturi meter. But on the other hand the orifice plate does require a smaller diameter in compared to the venture meter. In day to day applications these two factors could have huge effect on the choice in application. Cost is always a huge factor in any application decision and depending on the requirements for the application size could also play a vital role.The weigh tank is a somewhat more basic approach to measuring the mass flow rate of fluid. The human element of error in the timing of the weights displacement can be easily corrected by machinery and could prove very effective for applications measuring flow. The rota meter is also a simple but effective m ethod of flow measurement. The simple effects of parallax are a disadvantage to this application but again in day to day modern applications, computerised sensory machines can correct this very easily. 9. Conclusion: Overall this lab was a success.The results are all within the range of having explainable errors such as; * The main error predicted is due to the ‘snowball effect’ in calculations, where a rounding off of results at the beginning of a number of equations has a greater effect with the end result. This rounding error can have greater effects than thought and can drastically vary the end result. * Parallax is another error caused across each application. The heights read across the manometers and the rotameter can be easily read wrong. Along with the meniscus of the fluid giving a false level and a wrong angle at the result reading can change the end result also. Human error is always a small error to be taken into account, especially when using the stop watc h in the weight tank method of measuring the flow rate. The likelihood of reading the exact time needed is very small. This again can have huge effect on the accuracy of the result achieved. By carrying out this laboratory students were able to become comfortable with calculations and equations that were ran through in class. The ‘hands on approach’ of this lab allows students to understand the theory better and this in turn results in easier revision when studying for exams.Overall this laboratory and its results proved successful, with results accurate with an explainable percentage of error and with students having a greater understanding in this area. 10. Bibliography: 1. CIT laboratory manual: Fluid mechanics-B. S. Massey, Applied mechanics – J. D. Walker, Fluid mechanics – Irfan A. Khan, Mechanical Engineering Science- J. Hannah and M. J. Hiller. 2. Wikipedia – formulas / units confirmation 3. http://fetweb. ju. edu. jo – general inform ation on each measuring meter used.

Marketing plans of pamper baby diaper Essay

A successful marketing is the ability of a company to execute plans for conception, launch, pricing, promotion, and distribution of a product or service to satisfy both; the target customers’ needs as well as organization’s goals. Thus, managing the market of a product requires significant decision making with regards to identifying the target market, assessing its positioning in the minds of consumers, designing suitable pricing policy, and ensuring availability of the product to all the customer segments. Our objectives are to rebuild the brand and gain greater market share. we suggest that the company should carry out more promotion rather than dropping the price. The ways used are by advertising through different mediums in order to create customers’ brand awareness and loyalty towards our products and to increase our sales volume. For the first year, Procter and Gamble will be focusing on competitive advertising where Pampers is able to point out their special features, uses and advantages relative to competing brands. In the long run, Procter and Gamble are also planning to reach agreements with hospitals where doctors and nurses are encouraged to use our products for new born babies. With this, we can indirectly attract parents’ attention and this leads to quality convincing and brand loyalty throughout all the stages of babies growth, be it with doctors’ advise or just sharing stories among other parents. The 4-Level of Prizes is another promotion strategy that we are strongly convinced on. Customers are physcologically driven to keep buying Pampers’ products in order to accumulate points and redeem prizes. In the view of product innovation, we Pampers are going to improve our products by offering a wider range of sizes, thicker in breath and eco friendly diapers. For example, due to th e increase in the customer’s awareness of the environment, Pampers will market green diapers where each product line is developed to the stage of a baby toddler’s life accordingly. In budget sense, Pampers is contributing increasing profit to Procter & Gamble by reaching profit up to USD 5369 million in year 2008. This number later climbed up to USD 5471 million in 2009 and USD 5736 million in 2010. By this, we believe we can grow our business and greater shareholder and stakeholder value by bringing innovations to the marketplace that can upgrade the living standards of consumers at all economic levels. ACTION PROGRAMS Product (What will be done?) Innovation on thicker diapers with scent will be done. Since urine and motion create bad odours, Pampers researchers proposed that diapers come with scent and thicker in breadth to absorb heavy leakages without any odour for long hours. A bigger range of size choices will also be offered to solve the problem of limited sizes available in market to fit all babies in every stages. Also, we are offering eco friendly diapers whereby these green diapers can be cleaned easily and recycable. Price (What will be done?) Pampers must set reasonable prices based on its proposed production cost on material used. Also, Pampers have to conduct reference pricing, which is ever-aware of what prices their competitors are offering in the market. If the prices set is higher than consumer’s expectation, consumers will be more likely to turn to the competitors’ products. Place (what will be done?) Products should be placed at visible stores to create customers based awareness. Among the places that are suitable to distribute Pampers samples are places like parents workshop, nurseries, supermarket, etc. Promotion (what will be done?) Pampers can roll commercial ads using different types of mediums such as TVs and radios. Also, marketers can make utilize on blogging network. Website posting by some bloggers who are also new parents can be role models for their followers can be useful too. BUDGETS Pamper Baby Dry diapers budgets is to achieve the target profit and compete with other competitor from year 2008 to 2010.In year 2008 and 2009,Pamper decided to sales the product (Baby Dry Diapers) about $5,395 milion and $5500 milion.Pampers do advertising,promotion and distribution to achieve the target profit.The total expenses used in years 2008 and 2009 is $26 million and $29 million with the difference $3 million.In years 2010,Pampers sales is $5775 million with the total expenses $39 million.Therefore,Pampers  target profit from years 2008 to 2010 is $5,369 million,$5,471 million and $5,736 million.Overall,pampers can get profitable within this few years is due to the advertising,promotion and distribution. CONTROLS Procter & Gamble Company are very positive to attain their company objective. They try to increase their company visibility, using market share analysing to compete with others competitors and focusing in quality control to attract the Asia market. CURRENT MARKETING SITUATION Market Description: Pampers entered the market in year 1961 and has become one of the dominators in America. In year 2008, Pampers announced that it would increase prices between 6% and 8% due to the increase in the price of raw materials. On the other hand, there is a number of customers who were aware of the environmental issues. Therefore, cloth diapers experienced a small resurgence in year 2008. However, customers are more into the impact on the prices and the environment issues. Pampers continues to make offers and green diapers to satisfy customers’ needs. Product Review: In 2009, USA Market sales reached $5500.17 million with 51.1% gross profit in June 2009.The product mix for pampers is broad and contains specific deep line. Pampers Baby Dry had the deepest line with different sizes of diapers and each product had been developed to the stage of a baby’s toddlers life accordingly. Pampers used yellow colour to convey comfort in the consumer’ minds and provided different sized packages. Lastly, Pampers Baby Dry diapers offers thicker diapers with scent to add comfort for long hours. Competitive Review: Pampers’ main competitor in USA is Huggies by Kimberly-Clark, an America corporation. And they represented almost 80% of the total sales of US market in 2009. In general, Pampers’ market share increased progressively  contrasting to Huggies’. Huggies depends mainly on retail outlets and ran promotion by spending $9.1 million on ads and radio. Distribution Review: The Procter & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark have been able to differentiate their lines from private label through more premium product, Americans veered away from the branded manufacturers in 2009.Besides, the rising cost of raw materials causes the price increases in year 2009 and these rises were tempered by the heavy influence which private label has on the category. However, in October 2007, Kimberly-Clark Corp announced will increase prices by between 4% and 7% in year 2008 to help balance the rising costs of production. In addition, The Procter & Gamble would increase prices by between 5% and 8%,while the sales will only increase by 1% in 2008.The intensive of the pampers, is allowing them to reach their target market by staying competitive with their biggest competitor Huggies. Pampers can easily found in grocery, drugstores and retail store such as Hypermarket and etc. Lastly, Pampers products are convenience product distributing their product in many stores to maintain their ma rket share an d ensure that their brand is always the best. MARKETING STRATEGY Product strategy Pampers will offer the product with all the features that described in the product review section. Pampers also design colourful package to attract more consumers’ attention and stand out from the other competitive brands. Pampers is a brand that always inspired by babies needs by keeping them comfortable, hygiene and dry. The example of product that offered by Pampers is Pampers New baby Sensitive, Pampers Easy Up pants, Pampers Change Mats and so on. Pampers tend to design their products to fit each developmental stage from birth to toddler. For an example, consumers can purchase the Swaddler line for newborn babies and for the babies that crawl and 2 years above. In fact, customer can choose their product by finding suitable product for their baby’s individual needs by choosing Pampers. Pricing Strategy Pampers have wide variety choice in market, It’s an advantage to increase pampers unit sales. To competitive with others company, Pampers Company chose non price competition to focusing on their product quality. If customers sastisfy with the product quality , they will loyal with ours product . Pampers Company chose to maintain their product quality because the developing countries already have their domestic product and it’s relative cheaper than pampers product Added that, nowdays parent are more focus on product quality than product price, they want to give the best for their child. If compare with others brand like Huggies , Pampers is more economically and many family can affordable. Distribution Strategy The pampers marketing of distribution intensity is very high. Pampers are the needed for babies, company will chose the suitable places to distribute their product so that it will easy for customers to reach their product. Pampers can be found at nearest grocery, convenience store , drugstore and retail store such as Wal-Mart .because pampers are convenience product, so the place is important to competitive with others brand and distributing their product at many places will make it more easy for customer to reach their product . The transportations that supply by pampers are trucks, waterways,airways and so on to ensure that the product are enough to satisfy customers need . Promotion To compete with others brand ,The Procter & Gamble company found out that, their main pampers users are babies , to increase their sales they do a lot of research and development . They use doctors influence as a strategy to attract parents it is because doctor have more knowledge about newborn baby than others seller at market. Besides that , parent will more trusted at doctor and if doctor advise parent to not use more lightly pampers and suggest parent to use ours product , once they go market, they still will choose ours product as first choice . This is the power by attitude of others. By the way, pampers also provide collect merit point per purchase. The higher the point they accumulates, the bigger the prize they can redeem  using merit point.It can attract more buyers and raise company volume sales .advertising are one of the promotion .pampers advertise their product to increase the public consciousness.

The American Red Cross Humanitarian Organization Essay

The American Red Cross Humanitarian Organization - Essay Example In 2005, the American Red Cross played a critical role in providing humanitarian assistance to thousands of Americans who were affected by the Hurricane Katrina. Jones (2012) indicate the Red Cross assisted in the evacuation of the affected families as well as proving first aid services to the injured, as well as food and temporary shelters to those who were affected by the disaster. The American Red Cross also assisted greatly during the 9/11 terrorist attacks, where the organization provided emergency assistance to the affected people. In fact, the American Red Cross is currently synonymous with humanitarian assistance. This document will conduct a review of the Red Cross business model, lobbying efforts, leadership profile of CEO, SWOT analysis, strategic planning, administration, and operations. The American Red Cross is the largest humanitarian organization in the country. The organization was founded in 1881 to assist those who were injured during the Civil War. The American Red Cross main areas of operation are the provision of humanitarian assistance to those affected by disasters and emergencies. The first major area of Red Cross operation is the provision of disaster response services. America is one of the countries that are prone to natural and manmade disasters most of which are devastating. However, the American Red Cross has always played a key role in providing disaster response services. In fact, the American Red Cross has provided many response services, which has helped save lives of thousands of people affected by disasters. Some of the disaster incidences where the Red Cross has provided effective response services include Hurricane Katrina, 9/11 terrorist attacks, Comair Flight 5191, the Kansan tornadoes, and the Florida tornadoes just to name but a few (Am erican Red Cross, 2006). In all these incidences, the Red Cross responded by assisting in the provision of evacuation services, first aid to the injured, food, temporary shelter, clothes and bedding.American Red Cross also provides blood services in the form of donations to hospitals in need of blood. The Red Cross works closely with community centers that help in the donation of blood. The Red Cross then supplies the blood to hospitals and health facilities that require blood.  

Marketing research on recycling in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research on recycling in UK - Essay Example eport pertains to the waste generation and disposal habits, and the efforts to be adopted by local administrations for improving segregation before collection and recycling, in the light of national laws and successful international efforts. To this extent it defines the objectives, methodology and budgetary requirements. iv. Background: Since the 1980s, per capita household waste generation in the UK has risen from just under 400 kg. to over 500 kg. Such an increase can be attributed to economic growth, social change, and waste collection methods. The increase in waste has closely followed that of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Today in the UK it is estimated that each household throws away over a ton of waste annually; England and Wales produce 100 million tons of waste annually from households, commerce and industry. Each ton of waste comes from 10 tons of resource utilization! Around 70% of household waste can be either recycled or composted. Despite the fact that the majority of the general public regard recycling as worthwhile, and that over 65% of households have access to kerbside collection recycling schemes, only 14.5% of dustbin contents are recycled or composted. Thus there is a need to improve the system. Until the dawn of the industrial revolution, waste generation was minimal and mainly composed of biodegradable matter from vegetation, animal products, textiles, burning of firewood, etc., which was being dumped in farmlands where it would turn as compost or simply disposed off in the nearest available vacant public space with little or no concern for the environs. ‘Use and throw culture’ was not yet in sight and frugal living, repair and reuse were the order of the day, with products like utensils, clocks, closets etc. being used for generations together. Coupled with the smaller population, and widely spread colonies of smaller groups, waste recycling was not an issue at all. However, the transition to the post-industrial revolution era meant

Critical Thinking about the Viet Nam Conflict Research Paper

Critical Thinking about the Viet Nam Conflict - Research Paper Example The American diplomats were so convinced of their supremacy of war power that they completely failed to look at the other side of the coin. As a result of poor planning and failed execution of the projected estimates, the American Culture received shocks and trauma that still haunt them even after so many years. Post the wars, thousands of families were affected, having lost husbands, sons, and daughters. People were left homeless and struggled to meets ends; the scars left on the society were so deep that not only the physical trauma was evident but the emotional stress was high enough for them to start doubting the bureaucrats’ intentions and integrity. The United States had a firm belief that communism anywhere would be a threat and they had a clear thought that they would do everything to curb and eradicate communism. United States were not involved in the Vietnam conflict directly until they felt it was absolutely necessary to continue their fight against communism. Befor e losing out on the World War II, France ruled Vietnam and Vietnam became independent but French were unwilling to let it go without a battle, which eventually led to the The Battle of Dien Bien Phu. France lost the battle, post which it was decided that France and Vietnam would sign a treaty in the Geneva Convention on 1954 to settle for peace. It was agreed that Vietnam would be divided into North and South states on th 17th parallel with communist Vietminh ruling the North and Bao Dai ruling the South Vietnam for two years. The agreement was that presidential elections would be held in 1956 to decide the future course of action but things did not went as planned. The National Liberation Front started communism in the South Vietnam and started anti Diem practices. United States was in full support of the new ruler of the South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem and decided to intervene to ensure that another communist country does not come up. John F. Kennedy made up his mind to completely ta ke sides and prove the supremacy of America by signing a treaty with South Vietnam to extend economical and military help (Lawrence, 2010). United States even helped the South Vietnam in creating Army Republic of Vietnam in the hope that the unit will fight the communists from North and keep the country free from communism. Despite many efforts from America, Sout continued to face defeats on many levels of the dispute. Despite several efforts of United States, it so happened that the South Vietnam went on to face several defeats from Guerrillas and communism was threatening to prevail in the country. Meanwhile, America’s attention was divided in several other major happenings taking place around the world, especially in the Indochina region. But, it was high time that U.S. played direct and more active role to curb out the communism from Vietnam or so they thought. The Truman Doctrine that was originally designed to be made applicable in Europe and Middle East was then being adopted in Vietnam conflict due to the belief that if Communists were not destroyed; communism would soon engulf the concerned Asian region (Westheider, 2007). John F. Kennedy, who took the office in 1961 was of the opinion that there were other major issues than Vietnam and he only increased the U.S. aid at the insistence of

Ethics and Social Responsibility Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics and Social Responsibility - Coursework Example Within a business setting, the making of ethical decisions relies on the values set by the owner for the employees. Business owners should set up an adequate plan of action that observes social ethics while setting up the business. The plan of action is a three step approach that adopts listening, communicating and recognizing skills. Stage one involves listening to employees. The relationship between the organization and employees is a critical aspect of the company. The issue of ethics does not exist in isolation. Therefore, the manager should establish a proactive approach that entails listening to their employees and getting their concerns about the situation at hand. The acknowledgement of the moral issues of employee motivates them to participate in the process. Stage two entails proper communication: The process of listening generates a lot of ideas. In return, communication offers a chance to build the ideas through understanding the failures and the progress of a company. The progress gives a manager a clear outlook of the concerns addressed in the prior stage. It also gives the manager an opportunity to comprehend the problems faced within the organization. Communication is established through public forums, one to one dialogue and electronic media. Stage three requires recognition of the accomplishments of the company. In this case, the manager recognizes the accomplishments of the employee towards the goals of the firm and adopts new ethics that can motivate employees to produce the best results. The manager uses formal initiatives, informal gestures and public recognition as a means of motivating the employee. 2. Dunkin Donuts has social and economic responsibilities to accomplish among the employees, the customers, the investors and the community at large. In an independent perspective, the company has full responsibility to the customers in order to meet its objectives. This involves ability to develop proper ethics of service delivery in the

Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion - Research Paper Example â€Å"Personality is expressed through influences on the body† (Mayer, 2005, p.22). Further, I realized that some individuals have a low locus of control, which means that they believe others influence and affect their own destinies and feel as though they are victims of circumstance (Treven & Potocan, 2005). This is unhealthy personality-related behavior that causes people to be too passive and always on the defensive. This was the root of what was causing these physical stress responses unlike a normal functioning person who believes they have control over their own fate without being influenced by others. The intervention chosen for this client was built under the operant conditioning model, which is essentially conditioning a person to change their behaviors through positive reinforcement when a desired behavior occurs (Kadden, 2008). Each time this client described a positive scenario in his life, I would touch the individual in a gentle way such as offering a rub on the shoulders in a soothing fashion. When the client began discussing negative behaviors, I would instead look depressed and show body language that was modestly disinterested. This operant conditioning, over time, made the individual want to discuss more positive factors so that my responses followed a more desired consequence.

Japan and US Relationship in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Japan and US Relationship in History - Essay Example In mid 19th century, America and Japan started their interaction in economic ventures and diplomatic relations. Among the ways these countries interacted included trading. During this time, various things characterized their view of each other. They expressed these feelings and thoughts about each other by diplomatic visits and entering into treaties that were targeted to bring cohesion and reduce any fear between them. During the time of interaction, some form of confusion and misunderstandings were manifested in their way of relations. Also, their initial interactions manifested differences that the two countries noticed about each other. The expression of diplomatic relationship is, however, noted in the way leaders addressed their counterparts through letters they wrote to each other. The kind of pictures that were drawn by both countries manifested their respect and honor for each other . Citizens of both countries manifested different views about each other. These citizens show ed this through their response when a leader from the other country visited; the reception these leaders got gave a lot of information about the citizens’ perception on the interaction between the two nations. The Japanese never thought Americans as equal to their leaders. Although they considered them important people, they still had some restrictions. For example, when Townsend Harris wanted to travel to Yedo, many Japanese were opposed to his view of going there on a horseback. Horses in Japan were a reserve of chosen few who were in royal ranks. It was only the vice-governor of Japan who supported the idea of Townsend going to Yedo by a horse . The views of Japanese about Americans were also characterized by respect for differences. For example, the images that were made to represent Americans manifested that Japanese respected Americans3. The Japanese drew a picture that represented streets of San Francisco with manifestation of well organized building structures. Again, the Japanese perceived Americans as a group of people who distorted their faith. According to them, the people from the west (i.e. the Americans) believed in Christianity which is different from the faiths of people f rom the Far East countries4. Japanese felt that Americans were people worth to be given freedom to live among them. The government of Japan gave Americans a chance to buy products and hire houses in Osaka and Yedo5. Americans tagged value on Japanese. This can be seen from the reception Japanese embassy was given when he visited San Francisco. The embassy was saluted with fifteen gun shots. In addition, residents of Alcatraz were waiting to see the Japanese embassy when he visited California6. Americans represented good pictures of Japanese leaders in the early times of their interaction. The kind of services Japanese received from Americans was a clear manifestation that they valued their relationship with Japanese. For example, the reception ceremony that was conducted by Americans when Japanese embassy visited their country was a colorful one. In the course of interaction between the Americans and Japanese, they continued to discover different things about each other. Their inter action was focused to understanding some things about each other. For instance, Americans wanted to know whether Japanese respected their rights. For example, when the American consul visited Yedo; first, he wanted to see whether he would be allowed to go into that city where none of the foreign embassies had ever entered. When finally he was allowed, he noted that the Japanese were highly regarding American officials who resided in Japan7. Also, the American

Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Financial management - Essay Example Spencer PLC has more than 703 branches across UK in retail parks and in high streets in addition to the airports, stations and other places ranging from the flagship store and out of town over square feet of 100,000 to conventional Food Stores of 7 thousand square feet. The operating activities cash flow, the net cash gotten from the operations has been inconsistent from 666.5 M in 2009, 1601.80 M in 2010, 1197.50 M in 2011, 1443.30M in 2012, and 1236Min 2013. There was little impact of the currency movements on the sale and to the operating profit (Focardi & Fabozzi, 2004). Since the increase of the amortization the income tax reduced but this did not have any impact on the operating cash flow. The reduction in the net cash that the company earns means that the firm has less money to invest. This will subsequently lead to reduction in acquiring the assets and thus fewer dividends are declared to the investors. The cash adequacy ratio shows that the firm operating activities produces insufficient funds to meet the needed business obligations. The Spencer business has since reduced over the years which are evident from the reduction trend of the operating cash flows (â€Å"Foundations of Finance The Logic and Practice of Financial Management, Stude nt Value Edition + Myfinancelab Package†. 2010). This means that the subsidiaries are deteriorating over the years. With the above data it is clear that the net cash flow has been reducing over the last three years which is not a good sign for the company. The net investing cash flows from the investing activities have has unfavorable data which are in negative since 2009.. As outlined in the table the figures from 2009 shows a deficit of 251.7 M, 2010 showed a surplus of 253M, a deficit of 253.4 M for 2011, a deficit of 650.8 in 2012, and a deficit of 966.2 was reported in 2013. The company acquired properties, investments, equipment and

Religion and Well-Being Essay Example for Free

Religion and Well-Being Essay Religion can be defined as a strong belief in the supernatural power that holds the sole authority to control human destiny. It is an institution that helps to express our belief in a heavenly power. Religion is as old as the human civilization and came into existence when the human brain became superior to realize the significance of faith, and worship. Earlier humans lived in small groups, and each group recognized an icon that harmonized the ideologies of different people in the group. Rituals were an essential part of lives and were carried for natural resources icons such as moon, sun, fire, river, etc. since its beginning religion has been very beneficial for humans and it still holds an important place in the lives of people. Religion is a completely personal choice and should be left to the choice of individuals. It is unfair to force a religion on followers of some other religion through offering gifts and cash. Each religion has its own beliefs and ideologies and should be mutually respected by others in the world. Only then this world can become a better place to live. A growing number of studies convincingly demonstrate that people who are more deeply involved in religion tend to enjoy better physical and mental health than individuals who are less involved in religion (Ellison Levin, 1998; Koenig, McCullough, Larson, 2001). As this literature continues to develop, researchers have begun to tackle challenging issues that involve explaining how the salubrious effects of religion on health might arise. A number of potentially important theoretical perspectives have been devised. For example, some investigators argue that involvement in religion exerts a beneficial effect on health because it helps people cope more effectively with the deleterious effects of stress (Pargament, 1997), whereas other researchers maintain that the potentially important health-related effects arise from the sense of meaning in life that many people find through greater involvement in religion (Park, 2005). An explanation that was proposed some time ago forms the focal point of the current study. More specifically, a number of researchers have argued that people who are more involved in religion tend to have better health because they are more likely to adopt beneficial health behaviors than individuals who are less involved in religion (Levin Schiller, 1987). Subsequent research has provided support for this perspective. For example, a number of studies indicate that individuals who attend religious services often are more likely to avoid the use of tobacco and alcohol (Gillum, 2005; Strawbridge, Shema, Cohen, Kaplan, 2001). Moreover, greater involvement in religion has been associated with more frequent exercise, a better diet, better sleep quality, and the regular use of seat belts (Hill, Burdette, Ellison, Musick, 2006; Hill, Ellison, Burdette, Musick, 2007). There is also some evidence that religious individuals are more likely to engage in a range of preventive health practices, such as getting a regular mammography, having a routine cholesterol screening, and obtaining flu shots (Benjamins, 2006; Benjamins Brown, 2004; Benjamins, Trinitapoli, Ellison, 2006). Although there is broad-based empirical support for the notion that religious involvement is associated with beneficial health behaviors there is still a great deal that is not known about this relationship. One area that is in need of further development forms the focal point of the current study. More specifically, researchers have not devised well-articulated models that explain how involvement in religion promotes the practice of better health behaviors (e. g. , Benjamins et al. , 2006; Ellison et al. in press). This information is essential for the development of more effective interventions that are administered in religious institutions. As van Ryn and Heaney (1992) observe, â€Å"Clearly, application of well-defined and carefully tested theories to the program development process holds tremendous advantages for health educators in terms of coherence, effectiveness, and evaluation of interventions† (p. 328). Three potentially important mechanisms have been identified in the research that has been done so far. The first involves the notion that certain religious beliefs encourage people to take better care of their bodies. Included among these beliefs is the notion that the body is the â€Å"temple of God† (Ellison et al. , 2009) as well as the belief that better spiritual health is associated with better physical health (Benjamins et al. , 2006). Second, a number of investigators provide evidence which suggests that some people take better care of themselves if they worship in congregations that provide formal programs that are designed to promote better health behavior (Campbell et al. 2007; DeHaven, Hunter, Wilder, Walton, Berry, 2004). Third, other researchers report that people who attend church on a regular basis are more likely to adopt beneficial health behaviors because they are encouraged to do so by their fellow church members (Ellison et al. , 2009). For more than 100 years, researchers have argued that religion is an inherently social product. For example, James Mark Baldwin, an early president of the American Psychological Association, wrote in 1902: â€Å"The fact is constantly recognized that religion is a social phenomena. No man is religious by himself, nor does he choose his god, nor devise his offering, nor enjoy his blessings alone† (p. 325). Although the early theorists made invaluable contributions to the literature, they did not explore the more pragmatic implications of their insights. The current study was designed to contribute to more recent efforts by a new generation of scholars who have begun to assess health-related effects that appear to arise from deeper involvement in religion. We hope the findings from the current study and the theoretical perspective we have devised encourage further research in this field.

Attribution Theory Essay Example for Free

Attribution Theory Essay Attribution Theory Definition The process by which persons interpret and pinpoint causes for their own personal and other’s behaviour is the theory of attribution. 1 In this motivational theory, a person always finds a way to explain things, he make inferences on why things or events occur. After explaining the events a person then predicts future events through his inferences. He wants to understand the reasons or causes behind behaviour of people and why events happen. It was first proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958 and further developed by Harold Kelly and Bernard Weiner. Theories Internal vs. External Attributions Every person observe and analyze things differently thus having different ways of explaining things. The attribution theory proposes that when people observe and analyze things they try to find out whether it is caused internally or externally. 2 Attribution is a three-stage process: (1) Observation of an individual behaviour, (2) Determination whether the behaviour is intentional and (3) Attribution of the observed behaviour to internal or external factors. Those that are believed that can be personally controlled are called internal attributions while those believed to be caused by outside forces are external attributions. 2Â  Example of internal attributions are ability, personality, mood, efforts, attitudes or disposition while external attributions are task, other people and luck. 4 Following is an example of an application of this theory is when an employee failed to perform in a given task, a manager tries to explain why this thing happened. He may attribute this failure to poor efforts made by his subordinate (internal attribute) or he may consider that the given task maybe be too difficult for his employee (external attribute). Consistency, Distinctiveness and Consensus On the other hand, when making a determination between internal and external causes of behaviour, three factors must be considered: (1) consistency, (2) distinctiveness and (3) consensus. 1 Consistency is how frequent a person behaves similarly when faced with the same situations. Distinctiveness is how different a person behaves when faced with different types of situations. Consensus is when a group of people behaves similarly when faced with the same situation. 2 When a person behaves similarly when faced with same situations, we can say that the consistency is high; if he acts differently every time exposed with the same situation, consistency is low. 3 An example of consistency is the following is when an employee consistently has a low performance when he always assigned in a individual task rather when he is assigned in a group task. The observed behaviour of the employee wherein there is a high consistency can be attributed to an internal factor which is attitude. When a person behaves differently during different types of situations distinctiveness is high; if he behaves similarly during different situations, distinctiveness is low. 3 An example of distinctiveness is when an honor student gets high grades (same behaviour) in all of his subjects during three consecutive grading periods (different situations). The observed behaviour of the student wherein there is a low distinctiveness can be attributed to an internal factor which is ability or effort. When the observed behaviour of a group of people is the same in a given situation, consensus is high; if this group behaves differently given a similar situation, consensus is low. 3 An example of distinctiveness is when all students are late in a first period class (consensus is high), the attribution to this behaviour maybe due to an external factor which is traffic caused by a vehicular accident. Figure 1. Summary of the key elements in attribution theory. 2 Errors and Biases in Attribution The difference on how every person thinks, perceive and judge things may lead to some biases. One may consider the greater attributes of certain occurrences to external factors rather than internal factors or the other way around, well on the actual these considerations may not be correct all the time. Fundamental Attribution Error and Self-serving Bias Fundamental attribution error is when people have the tendency to consider the influence of external factors more than considering the influence of internal or personal factors. 2 An example of this is when we attribute the promotion of an officemate to perfect timing or luck rather than to his own efforts and perseverance. Self-serving bias is overestimating the influence of internal factors or personal traits rather than assigning external or situational factors to certain occurrences. When a person attributes his personal success to his own traits or internal and his misfortunes to bad luck or external factors, he is thus committing a self-serving bias. 1 Self-fulfilling Prophecy Perceiver’s expectations for a person will cause the perceiver to treat the person perceived differently and the person perceived will respond in a way that confirms the initial expectations. 1 Example of this is when a teacher thinks that his student will do well during his exam so he spends more time with this student and coaches him well, in return the student will get a high score in the exam. Summary Attribution theory is important to management because managers’ and employees’ actions and opinion can be influenced by how they perceive or see the reasons that cause human behaviour given a certain situation. 3 Different attributions of a manager to an employee’s attitude and performance can affect the standing of the employee in the organization. If a manager attributes the employee’s poor performance to lack of effort in performing the assigned task, he may fail the employee or give the employee a low rating during performance appraisals. On the other hand, if the manager attributes the poor performance to the high level of difficulty of the job, the manager may review and revise the job specifications to lessen the difficulty level of the job. Attribution also affects employee motivation. If an employee attributes the success to external factors, then they may lose motivation since anything that may occur is beyond their control. If an employee attributes success to internal factors like perseverance, then they are expected to have a high motivation for their job.

Nurse patient relationship and first case of death

Nurse patient relationship and first case of death Introduction The purpose of this essay is to discuss, analyse and reflect upon an acute event which took place when caring for a patient in practice. The writer has chosen to discuss the diagnosis, care and death of an 82 year old gentleman, named James Green (hereafter referred to as James). The writer will discuss the nurse-patient relationship experienced with James, and how his death affected the writer. Due to and to ensure confidentiality, the chosen patients name has been edited, which follows the guidelines of the Department of Health Code of Practice on Confidentiality (2003), NMC Code of Conduct [Confidentiality] (2008) and the Use of Patient Information (DH 2006). The essay will begin with a discussion on reflection including definitions, its purpose, and the advantages and disadvantages of reflection in nursing and education. The essay will then describe the acute care event of his diagnosis and death and reflect upon this. The essay will be structured using Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) to enable the writer to consciously analyse what happened and why. In certain areas of this essay, it will be appropriate to write in the first person, when describing the incident and discussing the thoughts and feelings experienced at the time (Webb 1992). It is not usually academically appropriate to use the first person, however, in reflective essays, personal thoughts and emotions are required in some areas and therefore Webb argued that it was certainly more appropriate to refer to oneself as I in those sections. From the section subtitled Evaluation, the writer will revert back to writing in the third person, as this is considered more academically appropriate for analysis and evaluation. Reflection was appropriately described by Boud (2001) as turning experience into learning however, it has been considered an important tool in learning and development for many years. Reflection was first documented in 1933, by the philosopher, John Dewey, in his studies on psychology and the way one thinks and learns. Dewey thought of reflection as a form of problem solving, by relating ones experiences to earlier similar ones to explore any commonalities. Another concept of reflection is that it enables the nurse to solve problems or learn from actions through thinking consciously about an activity which would then enable one to learn from any task undertaken. This was argued by Mantzoukas and Jasper (2004) in their studies on reflection and ward activity. However, in nursing, one of the most significant studies on reflection was carried out by Donald Schà ¶n (1983; 1987) in his works on The Reflective Practitioner. Much of the nursing literature regarding and surrounding reflecti on refers to Schà ¶n, which indicates that his work is widely accepted in nursing and nursing education. It is also from Schà ¶n that the term reflective practice was born. Schà ¶n advised that reflection, is a form of story telling, that leads the nurse into selecting particular actions and details of an activity one would normally or abnormally carry out. This in turn allows the nurse to solve details of their actions and learn exactly what in fact they had carried out. In nursing, reflection is used as an aid in recognition and development of knowledge and skills of chronic and acute illness, accidents and the care and treatment of a patient. Reflection following an experience in practice allows a nurse to revisit, explore and learn from an incident and gives an opportunity to relate the incident to theory. According to Maggs and Biley (2000) there are advantages to learning and evaluating practice through reflection. By allowing one to challenge opinions and theories in relation to an incident and relating these back to practice, the nurse can spend time discovering what happened and why. Reflection can be used to evaluate any clinical incident, positive or negative to attempt to better understand and contemplate the events which have taken place, and the behaviour, emotions and actions of not only the nurse, but the patient and others involved at that time Reflection allows time for one to think deeply about a situation and increase knowledge sur rounding that situation (Hannigan 2001). These advantages were mirrored by Gustaffson and Fagerberg (2004). Reflection in nursing is guided by various models of reflection, such as Gibbs Model of Reflection (1988), Johns model (1994), Kolbs Learning Cycle (1984) and Atkins and Murphys model of reflection (1994). This essay will focus upon and use Gibbs Model as the structure for reflecting upon the acute care event witnessed in practice. Gibbs model is considered a useful framework by students for structuring reflection as it is clearly separated into smaller sections titled, description, thoughts and feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and an action plan, in the style of an ongoing cycle of learning and reflecting. Gibbs unlike most other models of reflection encourages the learner to think through emotions and feelings experienced (Jones and Alinier 2006). However, Rolfe et al (2001), and Jones and Alinier (2006) argued that the six sections in the cycle were unspecific and too general and that it assumes that all learners have the same needs. Despite this, for the purpose of thi s essay, Gibbs model is considered the most appropriate. It would appear from the literature read, that there are many more advantages than disadvantages, for the use of reflection in nursing and nurse education. However a strong example which was found when searching for disadvantages was that some writers believe that not all those using reflection would feel comfortable writing openly and honestly about a situation, if they thought someone were to read it. This may be due to a lack of trust or a fear of humiliation or simply being unable to or not wanting to revisit uncomfortable situations or memories (Boud 2001; Tate and Sills 2004). Sumner (2010) discussed success in reflection in terms of moral maturity and found that nurses with little experience, as well as younger nurses, fail to have the experience and maturity to allow them to be comfortable and successful in reflection. Also, Dewey (1933) wrote that reflection only begins when an individual identifies a problem or a need to learn from an activity. If an individual is not to th ink of a problem or activity then reflection may not take place. The structure of Gibbs reflective cycle will begin here with the first section of the cycle, detailing what happened in the Acute Care Event. For the purpose of structuring this essay, each section will be subtitled in accordance with the headings used in Gibbs Cycle. Description As discussed in the introduction, the writer will here describe the illness and death of a patient being cared for in practice. The acute care event which will be focussed on is his diagnosis and death and the emotions felt by the writer following the loss of this patient. James had presented in AE after a fall at home and apart from a previous medical history of a myocardial infarction in 2007 and tachycardia, James was in good health. This was his first fall, however he had trouble recalling if he had tripped, or alternatively collapsed. Following his fall, it was reported he was having mobility problems and was notably short of breath and therefore he was admitted onto the ward, originally for overnight observation. He was being cared for on the ward with regular observations, medication and was prescribed 2litres of oxygen through a nasal cannula for his shortness of breath and lower oxygen saturation (SpO2). He was scoring 0 on most occasions on his Early Warning Score (Morgan et al 1997), which indicated that he was quite well other than his noted shortness of breath. Within 4 days of being admitted to the ward however, James health had not improved and rather, had begun to deteriorate and he was being monitored regularly. He complained of pain in his lower abdomen and advised he had been suffering from constipation intermittently for several weeks. He was prescribed senna to relieve this, however his symptoms persisted. James was then sent by the medical team for an abdominal CT and X-ray, which diagnosed colorectal cancer, with large malignancies in both his colon and rectum, and metastatic cancer of the liver. Consultants sadly diagnosed this as terminal as all 8 segments of the liver were cancerous and the disease was too severe for him to benefit from active treatment and so they recommended he be managed conservatively, ensuring he was comfortable and pain free. The decision was made by the medical staff following discussion with James that resuscitation would not take place in the event of an arrest as doctors decided this would allow James a dignified and peaceful death, given his diagnosis and illness. This is the decision made in most cases with terminal illness or with the very elderly (Jevon 1999). Despite this, staff predicted he would be discharged as he was still well and self-caring. Over the 2 weeks after his diagnosis, James weight decreased and his BMI dropped from19 to 16. His appetite lessened, and he became frail and unable to walk around the ward. On the fourteenth day following his diagnosis, James passed away around 7pm. I was caring for a patient at the bed next to him, when his family discovered he had passed away, and informed me. I closed the curtains around his bed and then reported his death to the nursing staff and my mentor, leaving James family to spend time with him and grieve. James was pain free at the time of his death and appeared settled and comfortable in the short time before his death that evening. Thoughts and Feelings This was my first experience of death, and James and I, along with other staff, had developed a strong Nurse-Patient relationship and rapport. He was a well liked patient on the ward and his diagnosis and death were sudden and relatively unexpected. The nursing staff allowed me to sit away from the ward as I was noticeably distressed, upset and unable to disguise my emotions. The break enabled me to compose myself away from the ward, James and his family and reflect upon what I had just experienced. I felt extremely sad that James had died and also felt as though I was unaware of how to cope or react having never seen a dead body and not experiencing death before. I found it difficult not to cry, knowing that some may find it inappropriate but informed the nursing staff of the fact that this was the first experience of death in an acute setting and that I felt inexperienced in how to deal with the emotions I was experiencing. Over the course of the evening, when speaking to my colleagues, his family, and when at home after my shift, I experienced phases of sadness, powerlessness as a student nurse and guilt. I felt it was appropriate to discuss my experience with my family in order to share my feelings and receive comfort and support from others. Some writers argue that the feeling of guilt and powerlessness is because many feel that somehow they should have done more to prevent the death occurring, despite death in many cases being unavoidable (Kirchhoff et al 2002). Dakin (2003) discussed that the emotions felt by the nurse are more for the impact the loss has on the family, and will begin when observing the emotions of the family. Gerow et al (2010) argue that the way a nurse copes during and after a first death, and whether they are supported by colleagues during this time, will affect their behaviour and emotions in future deaths. I feel I was well supported by my mentor at the time, in that she allowed me to take some time to compose myself after his death, and gave me the opportunity to decide whether or not I carried out last offices. My personal thoughts are that at the time of the incident, I was experiencing a similar grief to that of the loss of a loved one or friend, as James and I had developed a strong nurse-patient relationship and he was an extremely popular patient with all the nursing staff during his time on the ward, although he was always aware of professional boundaries. I feel that in reflection of this event, I was not prepared for experiencing my first death and was unaware of how to cope during the incident and therefore perhaps, I was fearful and displayed too much emotion. Kà ¼bler-Ross (1969, 1973), discussed grief as a five stage model, containing denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. When comparing the emotions felt during this time, it is quite possible that the feelings only cover the depression and acceptance stage of this five stage model. Her theory of grief was originally designed to incorporate the feelings of terminally ill patients into an understandable and recognisable model or cycle, however, the theory also includes a broader theory that those involved in a dying persons care may experience comparable stages of adjustment. Some have argued that this theory is not relevant to many patient or others experiences surrounding death or illness and that since the publication of her book, there has been no further research or evidence to support the five stage model (Bonanno 2001). Lange et al (2009), compared nurses attitudes and emotions when dealing with death regularly, to various attitude scales, such as The  Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying (FATCOD) Scale (1991), in which it gives a range of potential thoughts and feelings a nurse may encounter and asks the nurse to compare their feelings to these suggestions and gives a total score. Their findings showed that the more experience a nurse had with death and care of the dying, the more positive their feelings and emotions were, and those with little or less experience, showed more negative emotions, such as fear. The study also showed that those with less experience would benefit from education and exposure to ensure they cope effectively with end-of-life care and death, which mirrors other literature on nurses emotions and coping (Lange et al 2009; Hegedus et al 2008; Dunn et al 2005). The writer has read articles on the emotions experienced by students when coping with difficult situations and death which has allowed me to compare the way I felt, to the way other nurses feel in similar situations and literature has confirmed that the emotions felt by myself at the time of the incident are in fact quite common among nurses and in particular nurses with less experience in coping with death (Redinbaugh et al 2003; Lange et al 2009; Dakin 2003). Evaluation Prior to and after James death, following his diagnosis of terminal colorectal cancer, he was well supported by all health professionals involved in his care. He was notably low in mood and quite tearful at times in the 2 weeks before his death. He spoke at length about his feelings and asked a number of questions about his condition and about death. He would often inform the nursing staff of his gratefulness and ability to open up to them about his illness and discuss the shock he was suffering following his diagnosis. He would often advise us that he felt a comfort from knowing someone was there to listen and talk to him. James care was well managed by staff, including the acute care incident of his death where dignity and respect remained a positive element of his care as a whole. As previously documented, he was a popular patient on the ward and all health professionals enjoyed working with him. By deeming James popular, the writer has reflected upon this, and on the nurses attitudes towards other patients on the ward and whether care given to less popular patients was the same. Stockwell (1972) discussed the care given from nursing staff and attitudes, to popular and unpopular patients. This study challenged the opinion that nurses treat all patients the same in a non-judgmental manner and the conclusions found that those patients deemed unpopular were in fact treated less well than those deemed more popular. Reflecting on James and the other patients, this conclusion is fairly true of some, not all, nursing staff on the ward, in that there were similar patients whom were deemed more difficult to care for, and they were often not given as much time or support from staff. This theory has been revisited a number of times with different studies and reviews, man y of which reaching the same conclusions as Stockwell (English and Morse, 1988; Carveth 1995; Conway 2000). There are positive and negative elements to this, in that James was given excellent care and support during his time on the ward, and there is doubt whether the nursing and medical staff could have done more to reassure James or make him comfortable, however, it has made the writer realise that perhaps other patients were not cared for in the same way. At the time of the incident, immediately after being informed of James death; the writer feels as though they coped well, giving the family time and privacy to come to terms with his death, away from nursing staff and other patients. The writer was strong enough to not show any outward emotion at the time, and it was only when informing the other staff, that sadness and distress occurred. The writer feels the way they coped around his family was a positive experience, as they could see sadness from a nursing point of view, but other emotions were appropriately fairly hidden until away from them. Some may argue that perhaps at the time there was too much emotion exposed overall, however, again, these emotions did not show in front of James family (Bolton 2000). However, one cannot say that a tear was not shed when speaking to them, but the writer believes this to be an appropriate way of empathising with the relatives of patients following the death of their loved one, and for that, t he relatives are most grateful (Redinbaugh et al 2003). Dakin (2003), on a study of emotions of nursing students, found that most, if not all, have experienced a sense of loss and grief and have become emotional at the loss of a patient at some point, but mainly in the earlier stages of training and on the first experience of death. Redinbaugh et al (2003) again, discussed the emotions of Doctors and in particular medical students, following the death of a patient. Their findings showed that the more time that is spent with a patient; the more vulnerable the doctor is to feelings of loss when the patient dies. Although this paper refers to Medical staff and students, this is true for all health professionals, and can relate very strongly to nurses. As described above, the nursing staff allowed the writer to take some time away from the ward to stop crying and reflect upon what had and what was being experienced. One of the nursing staff came to discuss the writers feelings following his death and made sure the writer wasnt experiencing too much shock or distress. The support from nursing staff given during that time, was a very positive experience and extremely beneficial to learning. This was the writers first experience of Clinical Supervision, giving the writer time to discuss what had happened and the feelings being experienced (Cutliffe et al 2010). Clinical supervision was described by the NMC (1993) as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦professional support and learning which enables individual practitioners to develop knowledge and competenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This best describes the support the writer was given during this time and Bonanno et al (2001) argue that talking, rather than writing, about ones emotions following trauma or loss is highly beneficial to learning. Analysis In this section, the writer will discuss how James was cared for during his time on the ward, and select key themes from the incident which will enable the writer to discuss and analyse certain elements of the incident. The key themes which have been identified from the description and on reflection are the nurse-patient relationship, grief, and coping with the first experience of death. Prior to James death, following his diagnosis of terminal colorectal cancer, he was well supported by all Health professionals involved in his care. As previously documented, he was a popular patient on the ward and had a strong positive professional relationship with all staff involved in his care. The writer feels as though this was a positive element of James care and that effective communication took place between staff and patient in this instance. James appeared happy on the ward and would often praise nursing staff for their ability to talk to him and offer comfort in a distressing time. The nurse-patient relationship was described as a therapeutic relationship between a nurse and a client built on a series of interactions and developing over time in Mosbys Medical Dictionary (2009), which the writer believes to be a positive description and true to that of the relationship with James. The nurse patient-relationship in this instance is a factor of this acute care event that the writer has chosen to reflect upon. The nurse-patient relationship was documented by Peplau (1952) in the Interpersonal Relationship Model, where Peplau wrote of this being an essential element of nursing to enhance a patients well-being. This was an essential part of James care and an element that he himself was grateful for during a difficult and emotional time. Pullen and Mathias (2010) wrote that the key to the patient feeling a sense of peace and well-being was based on effective communication and building a therapeutic relationship. Nicholson et al (2010) also discussed effective communication and relationships as a positive promoter of dignity. Sumner (2010) wrote that effective nurse-patient relationships are only present when the nurse is competent, mature and experienced enough to manage themselves in the interaction. This could be seen as a disadvantage in nursing as a whole as many nurses are young and less socially mature or experienced. Also those fitting this category may believe this to be a false claim of younger nurses which the writer can also relate to. She also wrote that in caring as a nurse, there are two players involved, the patient and the nurse, who both have feelings and needs which need to be addressed in the interaction. With relation to the connection with dying patients, many nurses find it difficult to approach a patient and build a positive nurse-patient relationship due to fear, or the fear of losing that patient. This however can frustrate the nurse as they may feel a duty to connect with that person as well as comforting the patient when they are in distress or are frightened (Moore, 1997). Mok and Chiu (2004) found that the nurse-patient relationship in palliative care often developed into more of a friendship, as a nurse would spend more time with the families and much more time listening to the fears of patients and attending to their needs. The relationship being seen as a friendship was due to the depth of intensity of the relationship. This is due to the patient discussing extremely personal and emotional aspects of their life which would not normally occur, however this is a one-sided intimacy (Spross 1996). This theory was true of the relationship the writer and other health profession als had with James. For this reason, it can be understood why nurses sometimes feel a great sense of loss after the death of a patient they have cared for, as a close relationship may have formed, particularly with long term patients. Another key point recovered from this reflection, is that of the sadness and grief experienced, following the death of this patient. As documented in the section subtitled feelings, the writer feels as though they experienced a sense of loss which can be related to grief which may be similar to that experienced following the death of a friend. This is due to the positive nurse-patient relationship with James and as previously written, the fact that he was a popular and well thought of patient on the ward. Because his death was sudden following the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, the writer believes that none of the health professionals involved were prepared for his rapid deterioration and death. Again, Kà ¼bler-Ross (1969; 1973), describes grief and loss as a 5 stage model, commonly known as the five stages of grief. In it, the stages described are, denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, however an individual may not experience these stages in the order Kà ¼bler-Ross described, nor may they experience all of the five stages. When comparing the emotions felt during this time to this model, it is quite possible that the feelings experienced only cover the depression and acceptance stage of this five stage model. However, in Kà ¼bler-Rosss description of these stages, she writes that depression involves a person becoming detached from emotion, non-acceptant of affection or acceptant of efforts to improve emotion. When comparing this description to the emotions felt during this time, it may be possible that one did not experience depression in the form that is described and may only have experienced the acceptance stage of her five stage model. In this stage Kà ƒ ¼bler-Ross describes the acceptance as coming to terms with the loss (Kà ¼bler-Ross 1969). Bonanno (2002, 2004, and 2009) is a popular critic of the work of Kà ¼bler-Ross and other theorists. In his studies, and his book titled The Other Side of Sadness: What the New Science of Bereavement Tells Us About Life After a Loss, Bonanno states that grief does not necessarily occur in stages, as has previously been argued, rather that it contains four common sections (trajectories) which different people facing loss will experience. The four trajectories, as detailed by Bonanno are resilience, recovery, chronic dysfunction and delayed grief. Bonanno has been highly acclaimed by many psychologists and his peers however he is criticised also for his argument that humans can be resilient, or hardy in the face of trauma, which overturns the theories we have become accustomed to such as Kà ¼bler-Ross stages of grief and Freuds theory of repressed memories and coping. Matzo et al (2003) argued that the loss of a patient can affect all involved, including the patient, the family and the nurse themselves and that a nurse will experience a personal feeling of grief and confront it with their own coping skills. In terms of the sadness felt by the writer at the time of the death, as previously discussed, some may argue that from a professional perspective, expressing emotion in such way is not appropriate , however studies carried out have shown expression of emotion to be a healing power and can help with coping with distress in future incidents (Kennedy-Moore and Watson 1999, 2001; Pennebaker, 1997). In relation to this, Consedine et al, (2002), argue that inexpressiveness can be harmful and can cause delayed distress on the body, however some have argued that in terms of coping professionally, not expressing emotion or a lack of association with an emotional event, may be beneficial (Bonnano 2001). In nurse education, the theory surrounding death and dying is taught in terms of definition, assessment and intervention, and all student nurses are aware of these from an early stage; however, little or no teaching is given on death, emotion, grief and the feeling of loss experienced by the nurse (Matzo 2003). This in turn can affect the way a student experiencing a death for the first time can behave and can affect the emotions experienced and displayed, as it did for the writer on the death of James. As discussed earlier Dakin (2003), found that most nursing students when asked to discuss an experience of death, have shared a sense of loss and grief and have become emotional at the loss of a patient at some point which has argued that the sense of emotion felt by the writer is in fact relatively normal, particularly when less experienced with emotion situations. Conclusion Following the incident, when reflecting upon what happened and the feelings of the writer, it could be confirmed by the writer that James was given excellent care and support during his time on the ward and in death, and there is doubt whether the nursing and medical staff could have done more to reassure James or make him comfortable. James was pain free at the time of his death and appeared settled and comfortable. The writer feels this incident, although sad and emotional, to be overall quite positive, in that it has enabled the writer to learn from the emotions experienced and build strengths in dealing with similar situations. This incident and the chance the writer has had to reflect upon what happened at the time, has allowed the writer to discover the thoughts and feelings of the incident and relate them to literature. As this was the writers first experience of death and dying, there is no other previous clinical incident to relate these feelings and behaviour to, although a similar incident which has recently taken place, will be discussed in the next section. From speaking with doctors and nursing staff on the subject of coping with the death of a patient and coping with the sudden diagnosis of terminal illness, the author has learned more about the topic and how to approach it. The writer has also found it positive to learn that the emotions experienced are common, particularly among nurses and that emotion is a natural human response that in some cases cannot be avoided (Dakin 2003; Matzo 2003; Redinbaugh et al 2003). Working with and meeting James was a very heart warming and at the same time educational experience for the writer, in that his death, although emotional, has enabled the writer to learn from what happened and from the emotions experienced and build upon strengths in dealing with similar distressing experiences in their future training and career. The writer feels happy that had the opportunity to work with James, and happy, and thankful that it was him whom the writers first experience of death was with. Action Plan From writing this reflective essay, the writer has learned valuable theory and skills in dealing with death and dying patients and how emotion is quite normal in the experience of death. From reading literature, it has helped me understand more about death, grief and about how nurses cope and develop coping skills when dealing with emotional situations. I felt it necessary to review literature, to compare my feelings and to discover if others experience similar a similar sense of loss. On discovering that the emotions felt following a first death experience are common, it gave the writer assurance and confidence that they would cope better the next time a death occurred in practice. Coincidently, after reading this literature, recently, another elderly patient passed away whilst the writer was in practice. Similarly to James, she was a well liked patient on the ward and her death was relatively unexpected, although she was frail and elderly. From reflecting now upon how the writer coped with James death and how they coped with the death of the second patient, an 90 year old lady, the writer can see a substantial difference in the emotions felt during each incident. This confirms that the writer has gained confidence, knowledge and skills in dealing with death and dying patients. The writer learned how to shed a tear without becoming overly emotional, and how to offer sympathy and support to the family of the deceased without showing too much sadness. The writer believes this is due to not only the literature read for this essay, but also the support received from the nursing staff following James death, and the clinical supervision received on the ward by nursing staff at the time. This mirrors Bonannos (2001) argument that talking about an incident and ones emotions is highly beneficial and potentially more beneficial that writing or reflecting about it. The writer does feel however that student nurses should be given more ed

Deborah Tannens Cant We Talk Essay examples -- Deborah Tannen Cant

Deborah Tannen's Can't We Talk Deborah Tannen’s case study entitled â€Å"Can’t We Talk?† is the most relevant reading that I have ever done for any class. It relates to a problem that every person regardless of age, race or sex, will have to face many times in his or her lifetime. The problem is that men and women communicate differently and these differences can often lead to conflict. This case study is very informative because it helps to clarify the thought process of each sex. That said this reading leaves the reader somewhat unfulfilled because Tannen does not offer a solution to the problem. In Tannen’s first section, status vs. support, Tannen states that women view talking as a way to receive support, whereas men are always trying to gain the upper hand while talking. Tannen and her husband had jobs in different cities. When people would comment on her situation Tannen would accept their support of her difficult situation. Her husband, on the other hand, would feel threatened and felt compelled to refuse their support and point out the good in the situation. Due to societal influences men are often expected to be tough and therefore they feel threatened more easily. Because they feel threatened more easily they tend to go on the offensive more during conversation. Women are expected to be more sensitive and therefore they seek support. The section entitled advice vs. understanding is very closely related to status vs. support. In this section a woman has a deformed breast, due to a previous bout with cancer, and expresses her distress to her husband. H er husband responds that she could have plastic surgery to correct the deformity. She became quite upset at the thought of another surgery. Because of t... ...roblems of inter sex communication. She does a superb job of pointing out how each sex reacts to each situation and why, but does not even propose a solution. Now that I have read this case study I feel as though I am prepared to offer a solution although I am not sure how viable it is. The recurring themes of Tannen’s case study are that men are expected to be tough and women are expected to seek support. These themes seem to be the root of the conflict between the sexes, so I would propose that each sex should do their best to break away from these expectations. Men should strive to be more open and less concerned about preserving a macho image whereas women should strive to be less dependent on the approval of others. While my proposed solution would not completely abolish miscommunication between the sexes, it would be a large step in the right direction.

The Origin of Gender Roles Essay -- Essays Papers

The Origin of Gender Roles The root of all gender issues which presently exist in society may be traced back to The Creation Story in Genesis. This crucial chapter of the Bible provides evidence supporting that God intended for man and woman to exist as equals, yet he assigned gender roles once Adam and Eve disobeyed him by eating the fruit from the forbidden tree of good and evil. Thus, men have been characterized as the â€Å"breadwinners† and women as â€Å"child bearers and housekeepers† since the beginning of humanity. The story of Lilith as Adam’s supposed first wife suggests Adam took on a patriarchal role from the beginning, yet Lilith refused to accept his assumed superiority. She initially challenges him, and then leaves him; she represents a rebellious, yet independent woman. Although these two stories on the first man and woman are significantly different, the two convey that men and women have been trapped in certain roles since the beginning of time, and have always had a power struggle between them. Gender issues have not evolved over time; they have always existed. â€Å"Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man† (Gen. 2:22). The order of human creation in Genesis calls into question whether it was intended for a hierarchy to exist between genders. Since Eve is created from Adam’s rib, and as his helper, it is argued she is created merely to support him, and that she derives from him. These claims have connotations of inferiority. However, other evidence in the Bible proves God did not intend for man to be put above woman. He created both in his image, from the earth, and with the intention they would come together to form one flesh. Therefore, sinc... ... patriarchal text. It argues for women’s presence in the Bible, and deeply explores the stories of prominent female biblical characters. Swidler, Leonard. Biblical Affirmations of Woman. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Westminster Press, 1979. Swidler compares the status of women from the biblical period to that of women from the post-biblical period. The author also evaluates the positive and negative aspects of Jewish and Christian biblical traditions, yet puts more effort into exploring the positive elements of the biblical tradition as far as women are concerned. The Bible. This is the King James Version which is most commonly used and analyzed. It is the core to many religions, and narrates the stories of all prominent biblical figures from the Old Testament to the New Testament.