In ‘The Social Life Of Smokes Processes Of Exchange In

In ‘The social life of smokes: Processes of exchange in a heroin marketplace’, Robyn Dwyer concludes that there are specific complex social processes involved in drug markets (Dwyer 2011). Her ethnographic research on the Footscray street based heroin marketplace in Melbourne, Australia indicates that drug research should be applied to relevant and effective policy making. In addition, this ethnographic research challenges society’s hostile perceptions towards drug exchange and main theoretical concepts through the introduction of alternative perspectives. The first perspective affirms that drug markets are determined by the behaviour of ‘market actors’, and the second asserts that drug dealers and users form intimate relationships (Dwyer†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Himmelstein’s theory of ‘Symbolic Politics’. Drugs are political scapegoats for wider social problems (Himmelstein 1983). †¢ Drug users are outcast by society and drug dealers are viewed as dangerous and violent (Bertram et al., 1996). †¢ Society maintains the stigma that heroin users and dealers are â€Å"denigrated, abject others† (Dwyer 2011, p. 20). †¢ Needles are â€Å"metal out of place†, â€Å"a boundary violation† and pollution. They do not belong in society or the human body (Manderson 1995, pp. 801-805). †¢ Needles have a ‘double-sided meaning’. Needles are associated with sex; for example, penetration of needle. Injecting is pleasurable for users and averts non-drug users (Manderson 1995). 3. Dwyer utilises her ethnography to demonstrate individual behaviours in drug markets. †¢ Drug markets are constructed through the behaviour of ‘market actors’; being drug dealers and users (Dwyer 2011). †¢ The behaviour of actors is determined by â€Å"social relations, power differentials and cultural understandings† (Dwyer 2011, pp. 19-20). †¢ Drug dealers need to ensure that their deals are profitable, consequently developing links with users willing to spend large amounts on illicit substances (Nicholas 2008). †¢ Zinberg’s theory on the three variables of drug use: 1. Drug: the effects of the drug on the human body (Zinberg 1984). 2.Show MoreRelatedIt Is Through Complex And Dynamic Social Processes And983 Words   |  4 Pagescomplex and dynamic social processes and relations such as power differential and cultural understandings that illicit drug markets are produced and reproduced (Dwyer, R. 2011). 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